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Light diffraction simulation2/29/2024 The proposed grating cell has a high haze value in the opaque state (76.7%) because of a substantial spatial phase difference independent of the azimuthal angle, while also having 1-D grating cell advantages, such as easy fabrication, fast response time, and low operating voltage. In this study, we demonstrate a simple 2-D LC phase grating cell with an octothorp electrode on a single substrate. On the other hand, the 2-D grating cells, have serious drawbacks, including a slow turn-off response time, a high operating voltage, and problematic manufacture owing to the difficulty of perpendicularly matching the top and bottom interdigitated electrodes in practice. They had a haze value of 83.8%, which is quite high. To overcome this drawback, two-dimensional (2-D) LC phase grating devices, consisting of top and bottom substrates with crossed interdigitated electrodes, have been proposed 33, 34, 35. However, owing to the low haze value of 51%, they are not extensively used in one-dimensional (1-D) applications 31, 32. They have various benefits in terms of haze control, including reduced haze and a broad viewing angle in transparent conditions, low operating voltage, and fast response time. Although light diffraction using an LC phase grating is not the same as light scattering, it has the same impact on haze control. To overcome these drawbacks, LC grating devices have been developed for smart windows 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35. However, these devices have some limitations including high operating voltage, slow response time, and lack of reliability 23, 29. Polymer structures, chiral dopants, and ions in LCs can be used to induce light scattering. LC windows can be utilized in privacy applications, augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and transparent displays by controlling light scattering 26, 27, 28. LC devices particularly benefit from a fast response time and the ability to adjust light scattering, absorption, or reflection, whereas other smart windows can only control light absorption 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. Smart windows have been reported to control the transmittance of sunlight and solar heat in electrochromic, photochromic, thermochromic, suspended particle, and liquid crystal (LC) devices 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10.
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